Pain perception and analgesic use after cesarean delivery among women with endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with endometriosis are known to have altered pain perceptions. Cesarean delivery (CD) is one of the most prevalent surgeries performed worldwide. Appropriate pain control following CD is clinically important to the recovery and relief of patients. This study assessed pain perception and analgesic use after CD among women with or without endometriosis. METHODS: This retrospective case control study included women diagnosed with endometriosis, based on clinical or surgical findings, who underwent CD from 2014 to 2022. Controls were matched to the study group by maternal age, BMI (kg/m2), parity, number of previous CDs and by CD indication, in a 2:1 ratio. Post-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores, on each post-operative day (POD) were compared between groups. Pain intensity was measured and compared using the VAS, range 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain). The standard pain relief analgesia protocol in our department includes fixed oral treatment with paracetamol and diclofenac, with the addition of morphine sulphate on POD 0. Analgesic dosages used and the percentage of patients not using the full standard analgesic protocol were compared between groups. RESULTS: As compared to controls (n = 142), the endometriosis group (n = 71) was characterized by higher rates of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies and previous abdominal surgeries other than CD (p < .001 for both). Other maternal characteristics between groups did not differ. On POD 0, mean morphine dosage was significantly higher in the endometriosis group compared to the control group (24 mg vs. 22.8 mg, respectively; p = .044). More patients in the endometriosis group used the full standard analgesia protocol or more, as compared to controls. VAS scores were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Increased use of analgesics after CD was more common among women with endometriosis. These findings imply that pain relief protocols should be personalized for women with endometriosis.

Bilateral or unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess: exploring its clinical significance.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the characteristics of patients with unilateral and bilateral tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). METHODS: Women diagnosed with TOA during 2003-2017 were included in this retrospective cohort study. TOA was diagnosed using sonography or computerized tomography and clinical criteria, or by surgical diagnosis. Demographics, sonographic data, clinical treatment, surgical treatment, and post-operative information were retrieved. RESULTS: The study cohort included 144 women who met the inclusion criteria, of whom 78 (54.2%) had unilateral TOA and 66 (45.8%) had bilateral TOA. Baseline characteristics were not different between the groups. There was a statistical trend that women with fewer events of previous PID were less likely to have with bilateral TOA (75.3% vs. 64.1%, respectively; p = 0.074). Women diagnosed with bilateral TOA were more likely to undergo surgical treratment for bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy compared to unilateral TOA (61.5% vs. 42.3%, respectively; p = 0.04). There was no difference in maximum TOA size between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study detected a trend toward increased need for surgical treatment in women diagnosed with bilateral TOA. These findings may contribute to determining the optimal medical or surgical treatment, potentially leading to a decrease in the duration of hospitalization, antibiotic exposure, and resistance. However, it is important to acknowledge that the results of the current study are limited, and further research is warranted to validate these potential outcomes.

Ultrasound for diagnosis of postpartum retained products of conception-How accurate we are?

OBJECTIVE: Postpartum retained products of conception (RPOC) can cause short- and long-term complications. Diagnosis is based on ultrasound examination and treated with hysteroscopy. This study evaluated the size of RPOC that can be related to a positive pathology result for residua. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included women who underwent hysteroscopy for postpartum RPOC diagnosed by ultrasound, 4/2014-4/2022. Demographics, intrapartum, sonographic, intraoperative, and post-operative data were retrieved. We generated a ROC curve and found 7 mm was the statistically sonographic value for positive pathology for RPOC. Data between women with sonographic RPOC ≤ 7 mm and > 7 mm were compared. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated for RPOC pathology proved which was measured by ultrasound. RESULTS: Among 212 patients who underwent hysteroscopy due to suspected RPOC on ultrasound, 20 (9.4%) women had residua ≤ 7 mm and 192 (90.6%) had residua > 7 mm. The most common complaint was vaginal bleeding in 128 cases (60.4%); more so in the residua > 7 mm group (62.5% vs. 40%, p = .05). Among women with residua ≤ 7 mm, the interval from delivery to hysteroscopy was longer (117.4 ± 74.7 days vs. 78.8 ± 68.8 days, respectively; p = .02). Positive pathology was more frequent when residua was > 7 mm. PPV for diagnosis of 7 mm RPOC during pathology examination was 75.3% and NPV 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic evaluation after RPOC showed that residua > 7 mm was statistically correlated with positive RPOC in pathology and PPV of 75% and NPV of 50%. Due to the high NPV and low complication rate of office hysteroscopy, clinicians should consider intervention when any RPOC are measured during sonographic examination to reduce known long-term complications.

Outcomes of incomplete abortion related to treatment modality.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the differences in treatment outcomes between misoprostol and surgical evacuation for the management of incomplete abortion. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study compared patients with a clinical diagnosis of incomplete abortion who underwent surgical or pharmaceutical (misoprostol) intervention, 2014-2017. Demographics, sonographic results, treatment follow-up, and post-intervention data on retained products of conception were retrieved. Women with incomplete abortion who underwent surgical versus pharmaceutical intervention were compared. RESULTS: Among 589 spontaneous abortions, 198 were included in the study, of which 123 (62.1%) underwent surgical evacuation and 75 (37.9%) pharmaceutical intervention with misoprostol. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. During 130.8 ± 91.7 days of follow-up, no patient who underwent surgical evacuation had retained products of conception or needed surgical hysteroscopy. Four cases (5.3%) in the misoprostol group had retained products of conception and needed hysteroscopy (p = 0.02). Patients who underwent surgical evacuation had higher hemoglobin levels during follow-up (12.1 mg/dL vs. 11.7 mg/dL, p = 0.05). There were no differences in post-treatment pregnancy rates between groups. CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up after incomplete abortion showed that hemodynamically stable patients treated with misoprostol achieved the desired results in 95% of cases without significant differences in pregnancy intervals compared to surgical management. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm the outcomes described in this study.

Can Natural Language Processing Improve Adnexal Torsion Predictions?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To create a decision support tool based on machine learning algorithms and natural language processing (NLP) technology, to augment clinicians' ability to predict cases of suspected adnexal torsion. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study SETTING: Gynecology department, university-affiliated teaching medical center, 2014-2022. PATIENTS: This study assessed risk-factors for adnexal torsion among women managed surgically for suspected adnexal torsion based on clinical and sonographic data. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The dataset included demographic, clinical, sonographic, and surgical information obtained from electronic medical records. NLP was used to extract insights from unstructured free text and unlock them for automated reasoning. The machine learning model was a CatBoost classifier that utilizes gradient boosting on decision trees. The study cohort included 433 women who met inclusion criteria and underwent laparoscopy. Among them, 320 (74%) had adnexal torsion diagnosed during laparoscopy, and 113 (26%) did not. The model developed improved prediction of adnexal torsion to 84%, with a recall of 95%. The model ranked several parameters as important for prediction. Age, difference in size between ovaries, and the size of each ovary were the most significant. The precision for the "no torsion" class was 77%, with a recall of 45%. CONCLUSIONS: Using machine learning algorithms and NLP technology as a decision-support tool for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion is feasible. It improved true prediction of adnexal torsion to 84% and decreased cases of unnecessary laparoscopy.

An intrauterine cavity morcellator: A novel approach to high volume uterus morcellation. Ex-vivo study.

OBJECTIVE: Uterine size is one of the essential factors determining the feasibility of a minimally invasive gynecologic surgery approach. A traditional electromechanical morcellator is a well-known tool but not without flaws. We aim to assess feasibility and safety of a novel intrauterine power morcellation device for uterine size reduction to overcome these limitations during hysterectomy. METHODS: This single-arm, observational study was conducted in a single tertiary care medical center from April 2022 to July 2022. Feasibility and safety of a novel intrauterine morcellation device for uterine size reduction was tested in ten post-hysterectomy uteri (Ex-vivo). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ten uteri were examined in this trial. No major complications occurred during the procedure. All ten (10) uteri were successfully reduced in size (size reduction range was between 9% to 54%). The average resection time using the Heracure Device was 4.3 minutes (range: 1min- 10min). Mean uterus weight reduction was 21%, with a mean circumference reduction of 25%. No leakage was observed from the outer surface of the uterus/serosa after the saline injection post-procedure examination. CONCLUSION: In this novel experiment, we verified the feasibility and safety of the Heracure device for vaginal intra-uterine morcellation for uterine size reduction. This technique could enable rapid and easy removal of the uterus through the vaginal orifice. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Name of the registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Number Identifier: NCT05332132.

Correlation between Mediterranean diet, bowel function, and isolated posterior vaginal defect: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Isolated posterior prolapse is a unique entity that was previously linked to chronic obstructive defecation. Our objective is to evaluate the relationship of low adherence to a Mediterranean diet (LAMD) with bowel dysfunction and isolated posterior compartment prolapse (IPCP). METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study compared the dietary outcomes (validated Mediterranean diet [MD] questionnaire) of women who underwent pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair surgery between August 2020 and October 2021. RESULTS: Among 204 patients enrolled, 108 (52.9%) patients adhered to the MD and 96 (47.0%) did not. Among the LAMD patients, increased symptoms of constipation (P = 0.047) and higher body mass index (P < 0.001) were more prevalent. Surgical repairs of the posterior compartment, combined (P = 0.033) and isolated (P = 0.021), were more prevalent in the LAMD group. Prolapse of all compartments except the apical compartment was found to be more prevalent in the LAMD group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was found to be significant as a protective factor for the primary outcome (IPCP). CONCLUSION: Low adherence to a Mediterranean diet displays a higher prevalence of posterior vaginal defects, both isolated and combined. Hence, we can conclude that LAMD and subsequent bowel dysfunction are significant contributory factors to the prolapse of the posterior vaginal compartment.

Can obesity impact mesh exposure rate after mid-urethral sling operation? Medium term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To study mesh exposure rates among obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) vs non-obese women after mid-urethral sling (MUS) operation. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent MUS surgery for stress urinary incontinence April 2014-April 2021 in a tertiary-level university hospital. Data from obese and non-obese patients were compared. RESULTS: A total of 120 (41 %) obese patients and 172 (59 %) non-obese patients who had mid-urethral sling surgery were compared. Of the cohort, 265 (90.7 %) underwent TVT-obturator, 15 (5.1 %) mini-sling TVT, and 12 (4.1 %) retro-pubic TVT. Diabetes mellitus was significantly more prevalent in the obese group (p =.01), without other demographic differences. Mesh post-operative exposure rate was 5.4 % during the study. The obese group had lower incidence of mesh exposure than the non-obese group (1.6 % vs 8.1 % respectively, p =.018). Mean follow-up was 51 months (range 8-87 months) without significant differences between groups (49.9 ± 21.2 vs 51.5 ± 22.3, p =.548). Pelvic organ prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele stages were significantly higher in non-obese patients. Similar numbers of post-menopausal women were in each group. CONCLUSION: This follow-up after MUS surgery showed an association between obesity and lower rate of mesh exposure. Further research is needed to evaluate correlations between estrogen and mesh exposure.

Comparison of subjective long-term follow-up after mid-urethral sling in obese and non-obese patients.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a key factor for stress urinary incontinence. Our aim was to evaluate the long-term, subjective surgical satisfaction rate among obese (BMI ≥ 30) women after mid-urethral sling (MUS) procedure in a tertiary-level university hospital. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective, case-control study compared the outcomes of obese and non-obese patients who underwent MUS surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), March 2014-January 2020. Patients were followed-up using Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) and Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) telephone questionnaires. RESULTS: Among 264 patients who had MUS surgery, 107 (40.6%) patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were matched with 157 (59.4%) non-obese patients (BMI < 30 kg/m2). Mean follow-up was 41.4 (8-73) months. Obese women had higher post-operative urinary symptom scores in UDI-6 (32.3 vs. 25.7, p =.015) and PGI-I questionnaires (2.9 ± 1.7 vs. 2.3 ± 1.7, p =.03). More patients in the obese group (p =.03) had urinary stress symptoms. Subjective failures (PGI-I ≥ 4) totaled 46 (17.4%), 18 in obese and 28 in non-obese patients, giving cure rates of 83.2% and 82.2%, respectively (p = 1). CONCLUSION: Although obese patients had higher UDI-6 scores, an interpretation of this score did not show an increase in distress due to urinary incontinence symptoms (>33.33 points).

"What you see is what you get"-abnormal endometrial sonographic findings are sufficient for direct surgical hysteroscopy: Retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of referring women with uterine polyps larger than 1.5 cm directly to surgical hysteroscopy. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all women referred to a university-affiliated tertiary medical center for hysteroscopy, with the diagnosis of endometrial polyp, from 01/2013 to 05/2016. Women were referred for surgical hysteroscopy based on TVUS findings. PPV of TVUS for detecting intrauterine polyps was evaluated relating to pathology as gold standard, with sub-group analysis relating to polyp size and other parameters. RESULTS: We selected 1.5 cm as a cutoff size for subgroup analysis of endometrial polyps. PPV of TVUS for the entire cohort of 295 cases eligible for analysis, was 79.3%. TVUS describing polyps ≥1.5 cm had PPV of 92.1%, higher than the PPV for smaller polyps. Among post-menopausal women in this group, PPV was as high as 96.2%. Use of doppler or saline was found to improve PPV in the entire cohort. Indication for performing TVUS did not affect the PPV. CONCLUSION: TVUS describing polyps ≥1.5 cm may suffice for direct referral of women to surgical hysteroscopy. A personalized approach based on the initial diagnosis may avoid unnecessary invasive procedures for patients.

A novel method for office aspiration curettage in cases of retained products of conception: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Missed abortion can be treated with medication or aspiration curettage. A Karman aspiration cannula is another option. We evaluated its success in evacuating retained products of conception (RPOC) based on symptoms, endometrial thickness, endometrial irregularity, and blood flow seen on Doppler ultrasound (indicative of placenta). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized, nonblinded trial was conducted in a university-affiliated medical center. It included 40 women diagnosed with missed abortion and two failed courses of 600 µg buccal misoprostol, one  week apart, randomly assigned to treatment or controls. One week after the second misoprostol course, immediately after evaluating endometrial thickness, endometrial irregularity using Doppler ultrasound, and with blood flow indicative of RPOC, women in the aspiration group underwent endometrial suction with a Karman aspiration cannula. The 5-6 mm cannula attached to a 60 mL syringe was inserted into the uterus under ultrasound guidance. The contents were aspirated until the uterus was empty. Control group patients did not receive additional treatment. All were scheduled for ambulatory, operative hysteroscopy under anesthesia 1 month later (departmental protocol). On that day, all women with RPOC on Doppler ultrasound underwent hysteroscopy. Bleeding days, days with pain, pain according to visual analog scale, length of hospitalization, and infection rate were recorded. NIH clinical trial registration number NCT02917785. RESULTS: In the study group, 90% did not need hysteroscopy, compared with 50% of controls (p = 0.014). No complications were noted. At all visits, we used Doppler ultrasound to exclude or confirm RPOC. Pathology revealed RPOC in all women who underwent aspiration. Average visual analog scale score for office aspiration (n = 20) was 4.9 ± 3.6. vs. 6.3 ± 3.4 for the first (p = 0.157) and 4.7 ± 3.3 for the second (p = 0.836) misoprostol treatment cycle. The treatment group experienced 6.1 days of bleeding and the control group experienced 1.4 days (p = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our criteria of diagnosing RPOC according to symptoms, endometrial thickness, endometrial irregularity, and blood flow indicative of placental tissue seen on Doppler ultrasound and histo-pathological confirmation, aspiration using Karman cannula can be an effective therapeutic approach. It may be a safe alternative for women with RPOC after misoprostol failure.

Did COVID-19 quarantine redirect habitual patient visits in the gynecology emergency room?

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 pandemic caused a dramatic decline in the gynecology emergency department (ED) visits. The Israeli government took a determined step of quarantine to suppress and control the spread. This study evaluates the effect of the COVID -19 quarantine on gynecology emergency department (ED) visits compared to the previous year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted during the first half-year of the COVID-19 pandemic and focused on the quarantine during April. In order to identify differences in the population's epidemiology and changes in the amount and type of emergency gynecological visits and surgeries, we compared patients during April 2020 (COVID-19 quarantine) to those who visited the gynecology ED during April 2019. RESULTS: During January-June 2020 period, there was an overall 3707 patient visits in the gynecology ED, which represents a 22.8% decrease in patient visits compared to the previous year (2019, 4803 patients). There was a 36% decrease in the gynecology ED visits during the quarantine period. Patient demographics were similar between groups. Visits of nulliparous women were more common in the study group (p = .0001) and self-referral (p = .017). More post-operative complications and fewer patients with abdominal pain were admitted to the study group (p = .034 and p = .054, respectively). During the study, the hospitalization rate did not change 18.2% vs. 17.5% (p = 0.768). Hospitalization duration was significantly longer in the COVID-19 quarantine (2.8 ± 1.3 vs. 3.1 ± 1.5, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference among surgical procedure incidents. CONCLUSION: Visits in the gynecology ED service decreased during the COVID-19 quarantine without compromising the treatment of gynecology emergencies. Many gynecologic complaints can be managed in community care settings without referral to an ED.

Characteristics of pelvic inflammatory disease caused by sexually transmitted disease - An epidemiologic study.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital organs, diagnosed by clinical findings. The nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) identify sexually transmitted (STD) pathogens from endocervical swabs, via real time PCR. This study explored the prevalence of STD detected by NAAT for women with PID. We also aimed to identify predictive characteristics for positive test. MATERIAL & METHODS: This retrospective cohort study explored the prevalence of positive NAAT for women with clinically diagnosed PID, 2016-2019, in a secondary referral center. The primary outcome was the prevalence of positive STD tests and specific pathogens. The secondary outcome was predictive clinical and laboratory parameters for positive NAAT. RESULTS: Among the 610 women in our cohort, 103 had a positive STD PCR, which accounts for 17%. Most of the patients had Urea parvum (39.4%) Mycoplasma hominis (17.2%) or Urea urealyticum (15.7%). Other pathogens with lower incidence were Chlamydia trachomatis (9.8%), Trichomonas vaginalis (3.4%), Mycoplasma genitalium (2.1%) and the lowest rate was for Neisseria gonorrhea (1.5%). CONCLUSION: In our population, we found lower prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea compared to other large populations. This may be due to a high prevalence of married and religious women and also due to administration of a wide range of empirical antibiotic treatment, even for a low suspicion of PID. The study also gives reassurance that our empirical antibiotic protocol is adjusted to the endemic PID pathogens found in our population.

Verbal analgesia is as good as oral tramadol prior to intrauterine device (IUD) insertion, among nulliparous women: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two pain management strategies: oral tramadol or a verbal analgesia technique during insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) among nulliparous women. STUDY DESIGN: In this randomized, controlled trial, 54 nulliparous women undergoing insertion of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (IUD), from December 2015 to December 2018 were randomized to receive oral tramadol for analgesia or verbal analgesia prior to IUD insertion. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, visual analogue scale (VAS) and complications were reviewed from patient records. RESULTS: There was no difference between the two groups regarding gravidity, age, smoking or body mass index. No significant differences were detected between the groups regarding the procedure, including ease of insertion (p = .415), number of insertion attempts (p = .514) and complications during the insertion (p = .150). Mean pain level by VAS was 4.5 ± 1.6 (range 2-8) for the tramadol group and 4.8 ± 2.4 (0-10) for the verbal analgesia group (p = .610). There was no spontaneous ejection of the IUD in either group, and no endometritis or discomfort that resulted in IUD removal. CONCLUSION: There was no benefit in using oral tramadol for analgesia prior to IUD insertion among nulliparous women. Verbal analgesia can be a suitable technique for this process and clinicians should become more familiar with its use.

Ovarian size as a risk factor for recurrent adnexal torsion: Smaller is not better.

AIM: To investigate characteristics and risk factors for recurrent adnexal torsion (AT). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in a university-affiliated medical center included 320 Women with AT verified by laparoscopy, from January 2005 through January 2017. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, surgical findings and treatment were retrospectively reviewed from patient records. Data from primary and secondary AT of patients in the recurrent torsion group was compared to those with single torsion, to evaluate risk factors for recurrent AT. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty seven (83.4%) patients had a single event of AT and 53 (16.5%) had recurrent AT. Patients with recurrent torsion had significantly fewer previous non-gynecologic surgeries (4.3% and 9.8% of the study groups vs 32.2% of the control group, P = 0.001 for both). Ovarian size was significantly smaller in the recurrent torsion groups (47.5 mm and 48.3 mm vs 63.9 mm, P = 0.045 and P = 0.012, respectively). Polycystic ovary was significantly more common in the recurrent AT group (P = 0.028 and P = 0.005), with risk ratio 4.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.66 to 11.63). Ovaries without any specific findings were also more common among recurrent AT cases (P = 0.001 for both groups). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that smaller ovarian size is an independent risk factor for recurrent AT. CONCLUSION: Recurrent torsion correlated with fewer previous surgeries, small ovarian mass, polycystic ovaries and ovaries without specific findings, which might indicate that additional pathophysiological factors contribute to the recurrent event. Ovarian fixation might be recommended in patients with primary torsion of normal or polycystic ovaries.

Can the Need for Invasive Intervention in Tubo-ovarian Abscess Be Predicted? The Implication of C-reactive Protein Measurements.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical parameters of hospitalized patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) for the presence of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) and predict the need for intervention. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: A tertiary care university medical center. PATIENTS: Ninety-four patients were diagnosed with complicated PID and hospitalized between 2015 and 2017. INTERVENTIONS: Patients with PID were treated with parenteral antibiotics according to Centers for Disease Control guidelines. Demographic, clinical, sonographic, and laboratory data for patients with PID were analyzed. Inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBCs), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and clinical parameters were collected at admission and during hospitalization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty-eight of 94 patients (51.1%) hospitalized with complicated PID were diagnosed with TOA sonographically. CRP levels were the strongest predictor of TOA, followed by WBC count, ESR, and fever on admission. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for CRP, WBC, ESR, and fever were .92, .75, .73 and .62, respectively. CRP specificity was 93.4% and sensitivity was 85.4% for predicting TOA, with cutoff value of 49.3 mg/L. Twelve patients (25%) failed conservative management and underwent surgical intervention including laparoscopy (n = 7), computed tomography (CT)-guided drainage (n = 4), and laparotomy (n = 1). In this group, CRP levels significantly increased from admission to day 1 and day 2 during hospitalization (128.26, 173.75, and 214.66 mg/L, respectively; p < .05 for both). In the conservative management group, CRP levels showed a plateau from admission to day 1 and then a decrease until day 3 (110, 120.49, 97.52, and 78.45 mg/L, respectively). CONCLUSION: CRP is a sensitive, specific inflammatory marker for predicting TOA in patients with complicated PID, and levels >49.3 mg/L suggest the presence of TOA. In the TOA group, CRP level trends correlated well with success or failure of conservative management. Increasing CRP levels during treatment may be used as an indicator of the need for invasive intervention, and daily CRP measurements can help predict the need for invasive intervention.

Is post hysterectomy adnexal torsion a complication of laparoscopic approach? A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the hysterectomy's surgical approach and post hysterectomy adnexal torsion. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of patients with diagnosed adnexal torsion after hysterectomy (abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic approaches) in a tertiary care medical center from 2007 through 2017 was done. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, type of previous hysterectomy, surgical findings and treatment were retrospectively reviewed from patient records. To calculate the risk of post-hysterectomy adnexal torsion (PHAH) and evaluate its association with type of hysterectomy, we used a national hysterectomy registry that included all hysterectomy done in region of our medical centre. RESULTS: Eight cases of AT after hysterectomy were operated during the study period, seven after laparoscopic and one after vaginal hysterectomy. Torsion occurred a mean of 27.25 ±â€¯16.65 months (range 3-60 months) after surgery. Mean patient age at AT was 45 ±â€¯4.6 years. All patients presented with abdominal pain, five (62.5%) had nausea and vomiting and one had diarrhoea. Laparoscopic findings revealed ovarian torsion in 5 cases, fallopian tube torsion in one and torsion of the adnexa in two cases. The national hysterectomy registry in the geographic region of our hospital summarized 705 patients with laparoscopic hysterectomy with adnexal preservation. The prevalence of post-laparoscopic hysterectomy adnexal torsion was significant high than after other types of hysterectomy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PHAT occurs more frequently after laparoscopic hysterectomy then after other approaches. Measures for prevention of adnexal torsion should be considered during the primary surgery.

Conservative management for postmenopausal women with tubo-ovarian abscess.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to describe the experience of one institution in management and outcome of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) in pre- and postmenopausal women and to reassess the optimal approach for TOA in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study included women diagnosed with TOA between 2003 and 2017 in a tertiary referral center. TOA was diagnosed by sonography or computerized tomography and at least one of the following criteria: temperature more than 38°C, leukocytosis more than 15,000 mm, or surgically proven disease. Women were followed up for a mean of 7.6 years (range 6 mo to 14 y). The rates of conservative management and pelvic malignancy were evaluated. RESULTS: The study cohort included 144 (69.23%) women who met the inclusion criteria, of which 105 (72.92%) were premenopausal and 39 (27.08%) were postmenopausal. Univariate analysis found no differences in risk factors and disease characteristics between the two groups. Among the study sample, 22 (56.4%) postmenopausal women and 48 (45.7%) premenopausal women were treated surgically (P = 0.5). None of the premenopausal women and 1 (2.6%) postmenopausal woman were diagnosed with pelvic malignancy. CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women with TOA, the prevalence of concurrent pelvic malignancy was 2.6%, which is higher than in the general population, but lower than that reported in the literature; 44% were conservatively managed without any apparent cases of misdiagnoses of cancer.

Correlation between the Length of Ovarian Ligament and Ovarian Torsion: A Prospective Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate whether there is an association between the ovarian ligament length and ovarian torsion. DESIGN: This is a prospective cohort study. Design Classification: II.2. SETTING: The study was conducted in the gynecology department of a university affiliated hospital. INTERVENTION: We measured the length of the ovarian ligaments during laparoscopy. PATIENTS: A total of 56 women were recruited, of which 28 women were operated for ovarian torsion (torsion group) and 28 others for other gynecologic conditions (control group). MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The study found correlations between ovarian ligament length and ovarian torsion. The length of the right (2.2 ± 0.6 cm) and left ovarian ligament (2.3 ± 0.8 cm) in the control patients were similar. Ovarian torsions occurred mainly on the right side (67.9 %). The right ovarian ligament was significantly longer in the torsion group (3.2 ± 0.9 cm) than in the control group (2.2 ± 0.6 cm; p < 0.001). Even after exclusion of patients with ovarian cyst, the ovarian ligament was still significantly longer in the torsion group as compared to the control group (3.2 ± 1.1 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6 cm respectively, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that increased length of ovarian ligament might be correlated with the development of ovarian torsion. This could be a basis for ovarian ligament fixation or oophoropexy at the time of conservative surgery for ovarian torsion.